Banghay Aralin sa HEKASI VI
I. Mga Layunin
Pagkatapos ng mga pagsasanay ang mga mag-aaral ay inaasahang:
a. Nakapaglahad sa diwa ng kantang magkaisa
b. Naisagagagwa ang mga pagsasanay nang maayos
c. Nakapagbibigay ng mga mahalagang ideya tungkol sa paksa
II. Paksang Aralin
Paksa: Mga Karagdagang Gawain
Sanggunian: Sanlahi VI ni Ma. Carmina R. Mangubat, et.al, d. 414-415
Pilipinas: Bansang Papaunlad ni Liza M. Lemi, d. 265-269
Sibika at Kultura VI ni Sylvia Tome, d. 320-336
Kagamitan: mga istripa ng salita, tsart.
III. Pamamaraan
A. Mga karagdagang Gawain
1. Musika
Babasahin muna ng guro ang kantang Magkaisa ni Tito Sotto. Pagkatapos basahin, ang mga mag-aaral naman ang babasa. Pagkatapos bumasa, ang guro ay magtatanong ng ilang tanong.
Ano ba sa tingin ninyo ang ibig ipahiwatig ng kantang ito?
Bakit kaya naisipan ng may-akda na gumawa ng kantang ito?
Ano kaya ang ibig sabihin ng unang saknong?
Naniniwala ba kayo na kailangan na talaga natin ang pagkakaisa?
2. Sining
Ang pangangalaga sa ating pambansang kapaligiran ay maaari nating ipakita sa maraming paraan.
Paano mo ba maipapakita ang iyong pangangalaga sa ating pambansang kapaligiran?
Paano mo naman ito maipapakita sa pamamagitan ng sining?
Marami kang maaaring gawin at isa rito ay ang paggawa ng isang myural na magpapakita sa nais ninyonh ipahiwatig. Ano nga ba ang myural? Ito ay isang uri ng sining kung saan ang pagpipinta ay ginagawa sa mga pader at hindi sa papel.
May nakita nab a kayong myural ditto sa paaralan natin?
Saan ninyo nakita ang myural na ito?
Anu-ano ang mga nakita ninyo sa myural na iyon?
Ano kaya sa tingin ninyo ang ibig ipahiwatig ng myural na iyon?
3. Edukasyon sa Pagpapalakas ng katawan
Kayo ba ay may tiwala sa inyong sarili?
Paano mo ito ipinamalas?
Alam natin na bawat isa sa atin ay may angking talento at kahusayan sa mga bagay-bagay. May mga taong likas na magaling sa pagsasayaw, pagkanta, paglalaro ng iba’t ibang laro at iba pa.
Paano mo maipakikita na ikaw ay may tiwala sa sarili sa pamamagitan ng iyong mga talent?
Ang mga mag-aaral ay gagawa ng isang pagsadula kung saan maipakita nila ang kanilang mga angking talent at tiwala sa sarili.
4. Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan
Ang panahon natin ngayon ay tinatawag nating Computer Age o ang panahon ng mga Kompyuter at teknolohiya. Sino bas a inyo ang hindi pa nakakahawak o nakakita man lang ng isang computer?
Kaakibat ng computer ay ang internet. Ilan ba sa inyo ang nakasanayan nang gumamit ng kompyuter sa paggawa ng mga proyekto?
Paano ba kayo natutulungan ng internet?
Ano ba ang kadalasang hinahanap ninyo sa internet?
Sa tulong din ng internet ay naibubukas nito ang mga mata natin sa mga suliranin na kinakaharap ng bansa natin.
Anu-ano ba ang ilang pambansang suliranin na kinakaharap n gating bansa ngayon?
Magbigay ng ilang mungkahi kung paano ito malulutasan. Itala rin ang mga posibleng resulta nito.
IV. Takdang Aralin
1. Pagpapahalaga 25
Pangkatang Proyekto
Bumuo ng myural na nagpapakita ng pangangalaga sa pambansang kapaligiran. Isang buong Manila paper.
1. Kalinisan sa pambansang pamayanan
2. Sa kabundokan
3. Sa karagatan
4. Sa mga antigo at sinaunang bagay, bahay, at simbahan.
2. Pagpapahalaga 24
Proyekto
Gumawa ng isang bagay mula sa mga lumang bagay.
Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC) is credited with the traditional classification of the five sense organs: sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing. As far back as the 1760's, the famous philosopher Immanuel Kant proposed that our knowledge of the outside world depends on our modes of perception. In order to define what is "extrasensory" we need to define what is "sensory". Each of the 5 senses consists of organs with specialized cellular structures that have receptors for specific stimuli. These cells have links to the nervous system and thus to the brain. Sensing is done at primitive levels in the cells and integrated into sensations in the nervous system. Sight is probably the most developed sense in humans, followed closely by hearing.
Sight
The eye is the organ of vision. It has a complex structure consisting of a transparent lens that focuses light on the retina. The retina is covered with two basic types of light-sensitive cells-rods and cones. The cone cells are sensitive to color and are located in the part of the retina called the fovea, where the light is focused by the lens. The rod cells are not sensitive to color, but have greater sensitivity to light than the cone cells. These cells are located around the fovea and are responsible for peripheral vision and night vision. The eye is connected to the brain through the optic nerve. The point of this connection is called the "blind spot" because it is insensitive to light. Experiments have shown that the back of the brain maps the visual input from the eyes.
The brain combines the input of our two eyes into a single three-dimensional image. In addition, even though the image on the retina is upside-down because of the focusing action of the lens, the brain compensates and provides the right-side-up perception. Experiments have been done with subjects fitted with prisms that invert the images. The subjects go through an initial period of great confusion, but subsequently they perceive the images as right side up.
The range of perception of the eye is phenomenal. In the dark, a substance produced by the rod cells increases the sensitivity of the eye so that it is possible to detect very dim light. In strong light, the iris contracts reducing the size of the aperture that admits light into the eye and a protective obscure substance reduces the exposure of the light-sensitive cells. The spectrum of light to which the eye is sensitive varies from the red to the violet. Lower electromagnetic frequencies in the infrared are sensed as heat, but cannot be seen. Higher frequencies in the ultraviolet and beyond cannot be seen either, but can be sensed as tingling of the skin or eyes depending on the frequency. The human eye is not sensitive to the polarization of light, i.e., light that oscillates on a specific plane. Bees, on the other hand, are sensitive to polarized light, and have a visual range that extends into the ultraviolet. Some kinds of snakes have special infrared sensors that enable them to hunt in absolute darkness using only the heat emitted by their prey. Birds have a higher density of light-sensing cells than humans do in their retinas, and therefore, higher visual acuity.
Color blindness or "Daltonism" is a common abnormality in human vision that makes it impossible to differentiate colors accurately. One type of color blindness results in the inability to distinguish red from green. This can be a real handicap for certain types of occupations. To a colorblind person, a person with normal color vision would appear to have extrasensory perception. However, we want to reserve the term "extrasensory perception" for perception that is beyond the range of the normal. Another common misconception is that color blindness can be corrected with contact lenses. This is not the case.
Hearing
The ear is the organ of hearing. The outer ear protrudes away from the head and is shaped like a cup to direct sounds toward the tympanic membrane, which transmits vibrations to the inner ear through a series of small bones in the middle ear called the malleus, incus and stapes. The inner ear, or cochlea, is a spiral-shaped chamber covered internally by nerve fibers that react to the vibrations and transmit impulses to the brain via the auditory nerve. The brain combines the input of our two ears to determine the direction and distance of sounds.
The inner ear has a vestibular system formed by three semicircular canals that are approximately at right angles to each other and which are responsible for the sense of balance and spatial orientation. The inner ear has chambers filled with a viscous fluid and small particles (otoliths) containing calcium carbonate. The movement of these particles over small hair cells in the inner ear sends signals to the brain that are interpreted as motion and acceleration.
The human ear can perceive frequencies from 16 cycles per second, which is a very deep bass, to 28,000 cycles per second, which is a very high pitch. Bats and dolphins can detect frequencies higher than 100,000 cycles per second. The human ear can detect pitch changes as small as 3 hundredths of one percent of the original frequency in some frequency ranges. Some people have "perfect pitch", which is the ability to map a tone precisely on the musical scale without reference to an external standard. It is estimated that less than one in ten thousand people have perfect pitch, but speakers of tonal languages like Vietnamese and Mandarin show remarkably precise absolute pitch in reading out lists of words because pitch is an essential feature in conveying the meaning of words in tone languages. The Eguchi Method teaches perfect pitch to children starting before they are 4 years old. After age 7, the ability to recognize notes does not improve much.
Taste
The receptors for taste, called taste buds, are situated chiefly in the tongue, but they are also located in the roof of the mouth and near the pharynx. They are able to detect four basic tastes: salty, sweet, bitter, and sour. The tongue also can detect a sensation called "umami" from taste receptors sensitive to amino acids. Generally, the taste buds close to the tip of the tongue are sensitive to sweet tastes, whereas those in the back of the tongue are sensitive to bitter tastes. The taste buds on top and on the side of the tongue are sensitive to salty and sour tastes. At the base of each taste bud there is a nerve that sends the sensations to the brain. The sense of taste functions in coordination with the sense of smell. The number of taste buds varies substantially from individual to individual, but greater numbers increase sensitivity. Women, in general, have a greater number of taste buds than men. As in the case of color blindness, some people are insensitive to some tastes.
Smell
The nose is the organ responsible for the sense of smell. The cavity of the nose is lined with mucous membranes that have smell receptors connected to the olfactory nerve. The smells themselves consist of vapors of various substances. The smell receptors interact with the molecules of these vapors and transmit the sensations to the brain. The nose also has a structure called the vomeronasal organ whose function has not been determined, but which is suspected of being sensitive to pheromones that influence the reproductive cycle. The smell receptors are sensitive to seven types of sensations that can be characterized as camphor, musk, flower, mint, ether, acrid, or putrid. The sense of smell is sometimes temporarily lost when a person has a cold. Dogs have a sense of smell that is many times more sensitive than man's.
Touch
The sense of touch is distributed throughout the body. Nerve endings in the skin and other parts of the body transmit sensations to the brain. Some parts of the body have a larger number of nerve endings and, therefore, are more sensitive. Four kinds of touch sensations can be identified: cold, heat, contact, and pain. Hairs on the skin magnify the sensitivity and act as an early warning system for the body. The fingertips and the sexual organs have the greatest concentration of nerve endings. The sexual organs have "erogenous zones" that when stimulated start a series of endocrine reactions and motor responses resulting in orgasm.
Beyond the five sense organs.
In addition to sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing, humans also have awareness of balance (equilibrioception), pressure, temperature (thermoception), pain (nociception), and motion all of which may involve the coordinated use of multiple sensory organs. The sense of balance is maintained by a complex interaction of visual inputs, the proprioceptive sensors (which are affected by gravity and stretch sensors found in muscles, skin, and joints), the inner ear vestibular system, and the central nervous system. Disturbances occurring in any part of the balance system, or even within the brain's integration of inputs, can cause the feeling of dizziness or unsteadiness.
Kinesthesia is the precise awareness of muscle and joint movement that allows us to coordinate our muscles when we walk, talk, and use our hands. It is the sense of kinesthesia that enables us to touch the tip of our nose with our eyes closed or to know which part of the body we should scratch when we itch.
Synesthesia.
Some people experience a phenomenon called synesthesia in which one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another. For example, the hearing of a sound may result in the sensation of the visualization of a color, or a shape may be sensed as a smell. Synesthesia is hereditary and it is estimated that it occurs in 1 out of 1000 individuals with variations of type and intensity. The most common forms of synesthesia link numbers or letters with colors.
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